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=FOOD WEBS/PYRAMIDS=

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At the end of this lesson, you should be able to explain the following terms are interconnected
PRODUCER PRIMARY CONSUMER SECONDARY CONSUMER TERTIARY CONSUMER TROPHIC LEVEL BIOMASS AUTOTROPH HETEROTROPH

You should also be able to draw and label an example of an energy (food) pyramid
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ACTIVITIESmedia type="custom" key="6566843" align="right"
> > > > > > > > media type="file" key="2.2 food chain.mp3" width="240" height="20"
 * 1. Before you begin, consider this: You will need to create your own discussion prompt by the end of this lesson**
 * in the discussion page at the top,[[image:uparrow.jpg width="46" height="47" caption="uparrow.jpg"]] create a question that can be answered from the content of this page.
 * then, post a response to someone elses question.
 * Try your best to create quality questions: avoid the basics of "what is the definition of....." type questions.

**2. Read the information below: [[image:downArrow.gif width="27" height="35"]] Take notes on important words and concepts.**
"What's for dinner?" ||  ||  Every organism needs to obtain energy in order to live. For example, plants get energy from the sun, some animals eat plants, and some animals eat other animals.
 * **Food Chains and Food Webs**

A food chain is the sequence of who eats whom in a biological community (an ecosystem) to obtain nutrition. A food chain starts with the primary energy source, usually the sun or boiling-hot deep sea vents. The next link in the chain is an organism that make its own food from the primary energy source -- an example is photosynthetic plants that make their own food from sunlight (using a process called **photosynthesis**) and chemosynthetic bacteria that make their food energy from chemicals in hydrothermal vents. These are called **autotrophs** or **primary producers**.

Next come organisms that eat the autotrophs; these organisms are called **herbivores** or **primary (1st level) consumers** -- an example is a rabbit that eats grass.

The next link in the chain is animals that eat herbivores - these are called **secondary consumers** -- an example is a snake that eat rabbits.

In turn, these animals are eaten by larger predators, **tertiary (3rd level) consumers** -- an example is an owl that eats snakes.

The tertiary consumers are are eaten by **quaternary (4th level) consumers** -- an example is a hawk that eats owls. Each food chain end with a **top predator**, and animal with no natural enemies (like an alligator, hawk, human, or polar bear).

The arrows in a food chain show the flow of **energy**, from the sun or hydrothermal vent to a top predator. As the energy flows from organism to organism, energy is lost at each step. A network of many **food chains** is called a **food web**.

media type="file" key="2.2.2 trophic level.mp3" width="240" height="20" **Trophic Levels:** The trophic level of an organism is the position it holds in a food chain.


 * 1) **Primary producers** (organisms that make their own food from sunlight and/or chemical energy from deep sea vents) are the base of every food chain - these organisms are called **autotrophs**.
 * 2) **Primary consumers** are animals that eat primary producers; they are also called **herbivores** (plant-eaters).
 * 3) **Secondary consumers** eat primary consumers. They are **carnivores** (meat-eaters) and **omnivores** (animals that eat both animals and plants).
 * 4) **Tertiary consumers** eat secondary consumers.
 * 5) **Quaternary consumers** eat tertiary consumers.
 * 6) Food chains "end" with top predators, animals that have little or no natural enemies.

When any organism dies, it is eventually eaten by **detrivores, or scavengers** (like vultures, worms and crabs) and broken down by **decomposers** (mostly bacteria and fungi), and the exchange of energy continues.

Some organisms' position in the food chain can vary as their diet differs. For example, when a bear eats berries, the bear is functioning as a primary consumer. When a bear eats a plant-eating rodent, the bear is functioning as a secondary consumer. When the bear eats salmon, the bear is functioning as a tertiary consumer (this is because salmon is a secondary consumer, since salmon eat herring that eat zooplankton that eat phytoplankton, that make their own energy from sunlight). Think about how people's place in the food chain varies - often within a single meal.

**Numbers of Organisms:** In any food web, energy is lost each time one organism eats another. Because of this, there have to be many more plants than there are plant-eaters. There are more autotrophs than heterotrophs, and more plant-eaters than meat-eaters. Although there is intense competition between animals, there is also an interdependence. When one species goes extinct, it can affect an entire chain of other species and have unpredictable consequences.

**Equilibrium** As the number of carnivores in a community increases, they eat more and more of the herbivores, decreasing the herbivore population. It then becomes harder and harder for the carnivores to find herbivores to eat, and the population of carnivores decreases. In this way, the carnivores and herbivores stay in a relatively stable equilibrium, each limiting the other's population. A similar equilibrium exists between plants and plant-eaters.

3. Practice! Practice! Practice! click here to practice making Food Webs
 * The link below offers three different food webs where you can practice
 * when you are finished practicing, don't forget to come back to this wiki!

4. Watch this! media type="youtube" key="sbWyrcY5i3s" height="385" width="480" and this! media type="youtube" key="9laQwaKOW8s" height="405" width="500"


 * 5. Discussion Board**
 * participate in the discussion board at the top of this page (notice: there is a different discussion board for each page in this wiki!)
 * create one initial post, and one response to what someone else said (1 original + 1 response = 2 total)
 * discussion board posts must be at least one sentence long and demonstrate what you know, saying "I agree" doesn't demonstrate anything
 * If you have not done so already, you should get your questions and responses posted now


 * 6. It's www.wikispaces.com!**
 * create a wikispaces tab on yoru wikispaces page[[image:2.JPG width="560" height="409" align="right"]]
 * the second page should demonstrate what you have learned about food webs and energy pyramids
 * use your notes to help you create your glogster page
 * if you need, refer to wiki page 1 and view the glogster demo again